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留学生论文里千万不要出现这几种逻辑错误!

留学生论文里千万不要出现这几种逻辑错误!

在撰写学术论文时,逻辑错误可能会削弱你的论证力和可信度,从而影响你的学术成绩。下面我们列举了留学生论文写作常见的几种逻辑谬论,希望能够引起所有留学生的重视,在今后的写作中不要犯类似错误.


International Student Thesis


1. 非因果关系 (Non Sequitur)


"Non sequitur" 意味着结论与前提之间没有明显的逻辑联系。在论文中,这意味着你的结论不一定由你提出的证据或前提得出。


我们来看下经典的错误例子:

I've lived in this town a long time—why,my grandfather was the first mayor—so I'm against putting fluoride in the drinking water.


这句话里面说的“fluoride”是美国现在比较有争议的话题,政府在自来水中放了“氟化物”,有人支持有人反对(是不是想起了某年SAT阅读中的长对比文章?大家还知道支持和反对的里有一个是什么吗?),那这里,为什么说这句话的观点是不成立的呢?因为证据(Evidence:I’ve lived in this town a long time)不能够支持观点(so I’m against putting fluoride in the drinking water),conclusion是不是根本不能follow证据?


2. 过分简化 (Oversimplification)


过分简化是指将复杂的问题或情况简化成过于单一或过于绝对的表述。在论文中,这可能导致你的论点失去了说服力。


我们来看个例子:

No wonder drug abuse is out of control. Look at how the courts have hobbled police officers.


Drug abuse (药物、毒品滥用)相信在任何国家都是比较严重的问题,之所以比较猖獗,原因是有很多的,比如说法律不完善、社会意识比较弱、司法不给力等等,上面的句子之所以有问题,就是因为作者把如此复杂的问题原因简单归因于法庭不给力。这种逻辑错误衍生出来的Oversimplified solutions也是很常见,咱们看这个例子,大家自己想想为什么这句话有问题。

All these teenage kids that get in trouble with the law—why, they ought to put them in work camps. That would straighten them out!


3. 匆忙归纳 (Hasty Generalization)


匆忙归纳是根据有限的证据或例子得出过于广泛的结论。在论文中,这可能导致你的论点缺乏可信度。


Men aren't sensitive enough to be day-care providers. Women are too emotional to fight in combat.


大家一看就看出来了,那么怎样避免这样的错误呢?记得一点,以后写文章不能把话说得过于绝对,加一下“most” “generally speaking”,“in most cases” 等等让自己可以有转圜的余地。


International Student Thesis


4. 二元论 (Either/Or Reasoning)


二元论是指将问题或情况简化成只有两种可能性的情况。在论文中,这可能忽略了复杂的多样性。


What’s to be done about the trade imbalance with Asia? Either we ban all Asian imports, or American industry will collapse.

显然,这样的逻辑错误其实是上文中第二点的极端。大家想想,这句话逻辑问题在哪里呢?


5. 依赖可疑或未确认的权威 (Argument from Doubtful or Unidentified Authority)


依赖不可靠的权威或未确认的来源是一种逻辑错误,它会降低你的论文的可信度。


Uncle Oswald says that we ought to imprison all sex offenders for life. According to reliable sources, my opponent is lying.

大家看一下这句话的逻辑问题在哪里?这里的reliable sources不见得reliable,需要明说。


6. 人身攻击 (Argument Ad Hominem)


人身攻击是一种逻辑错误,其中攻击者的性格或动机被用来反驳其论点。在论文中,这是不道德且不科学的。避免此类错误,集中在论点本身而不是人格攻击。


Mayor Burns is divorced and estranged from his family. How can we listen to his pleas for a city nursing home


7. 循环论证 (Begging the Question)


循环论证是一种逻辑错误,其中论点的真实性基于论点本身。在论文中,这可能导致缺乏实质性的证据来支持你的结论。确保你的论点有独立的证据和逻辑支持,而不是依赖于它本身。


Dogs are a menace to people because they are dangerous.
I am in college because that is the right thing to do. Going to college is the right thing to do because it is expected of me.


8. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (因果关系错误)


Post hoc, ergo propter hoc 是一种逻辑错误,其中因果关系被错误地假定。在论文中,这可能导致无效的论证。要避免这种错误,确保你的因果关系是基于合理的证据和逻辑,而不是仅仅因为事件发生在某个事件之后而推断它们之间存在因果关系。


Ever since the city suspended height restrictions on skyscrapers, the city budget has been balanced.


9. 错误的类比 (False Analogy)


错误的类比是指基于不恰当的相似性将两种不同的情况相提并论。在论文中,这可能导致不准确的论证。确保你的比较是合理的,基于真正相关的相似性,而不是不相关的类比。


The model of the solar system is similar to that of an atom, with planets orbiting the sun like electrons orbiting the nucleus. Electrons can jump from orbit to orbit; so we should study ancient records for sightings of planets jumping from orbit to orbit.