质疑和怀疑：批判性思维要求我们对所接受的信息保持怀疑和质疑的态度。不盲从权威，不轻信传言，而是通过深入思考和调查，来寻找真相和答案。
分析和评估：批判性思维需要我们能够对信息进行深入分析和客观评价。我们需要审视信息的来源、可信度和偏见，从而得出自己的判断和结论。
逻辑和推理：批判性思维强调逻辑和推理的重要性。我们需要学会运用逻辑思维和推理能力，从而发现信息之间的关联和逻辑漏洞，避免被无效的论证所误导。
创新和解决问题：批判性思维要求我们能够创造性地解决问题，不仅要能够识别问题的本质和根源，还要能够提出有效的解决方案，并且勇于承担责任和行动。
多角度思考：学会从不同的角度思考问题，尝试换位思考，理解他人的观点和立场，从而拓展自己的视野和思维方式。
持续学习：保持好奇心，持续学习和积累知识，不断提升自己的认知水平和批判性思维能力。
实践和应用：将批判性思维应用到实际生活和工作中，例如在阅读新闻、评估产品、解决问题等方面，不断锻炼和提升自己的批判性思维能力。
与他人讨论和交流：通过与他人的讨论和交流，分享观点和经验，可以帮助我们更好地理解问题、发现问题，并找到解决问题的方法。
介绍短语
① These claims have been strongly contested in recent years by a number of writers.
② The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
③ More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones(1982):
④ Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful.Jones (2003), for example, ...
强调之前研究的不足
① There are obvious difficulties in accepting the reliability of self-report information.
② However, these results were limited to X and are therefore not representative of ...
③ Most of the research on the association between X and Yis flawed methodologically.
④ The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ...
用论点来介绍问题以及局限点
① The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
② A second criticism of the hypothesis draws upon research evidence which suggests ...
③ The X hypothesis has been questioned on the basis of some conflicting experimental findings.
④ Around the 1970s the consensus was that..., but during the 1980s several researchers challenged this view.
批评该研究
①These studies would have been moreuseful if they had focused on ...
②The study would have been more relevant if the researchers had asked ...
③The questionnaire would have been more useful if it had asked participants about ...
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