当教授给出一个assignment 要求你写作一篇关于文学、关于电影、关于戏剧的 essay 时，你知道怎样才能写出一篇符合要求、成绩优异的论文吗？
其实最基本的提高文章质量的方法就是：停止 summary，开始 commentary。并且这个方法可能更容易。小编将将解释一下论文中事件总结（summary）和事件评论（commentary）的区别，并向大家展示如何利用 commentary 和 summary 相结合使文章看起来更美好。
目录：
Summary 和 Commentary 之间的区别
Summary 和 Commentary 例子
写作要点
其他需要考虑的写作规则
lSummary 是简单总结介绍事情（事件）的要点
lCommentary 是一系列的解释和说明
lSummary 主要停留在表面
lCommentary 是挖掘写作对象深层次的东西
lSummary 主要是已有内容的提炼和重复
lCommentary 是原创的内容
Summary 只有一种特征，也只有这种形式：你阅读或者观看一个作品，然后提炼和重复写下这个作品是关于什么的。
而你日常看到的书评或者影评就属于 Commentary，比如下面这个来自 Rotten Tomatoes 的评论：
对于《教父II》的Summary和 Commentary的主要区别就是 Summary只包括电影的摘要而没有对电影的意见和评价。但在Rotten Tomatoes的影评中包含了对电影的详细评价和评分。
Sample Essay
在了解了Summary 和 Commentary的情况下，我们现在来用例子做一个示范。我从一部电影 Shaun of the Dead 中选取一个场景分别进行 summary 和 commentary。因为我们现在需要用这部恐怖喜剧片作为示例，如果你没有看过这部电影，可能你需要先观看一遍这部电影，当然，我保证，这个电影很好看。
与此同时，为了这次的示范，我们可以通过 Youtube 再温习一遍上面所说的，我这次需要进行评论的这部电影中的那部分场景.
首先，我来阐述一下我是怎么对这个场景进行总结的。下面是这个场景的Summary摘要：
This is a scene from the 2004 movie Shaun of the Dead: Shaun (Simon Pegg) wakes up hungover and walks to a convenience store to buy a soda and ice cream. Hungover and oblivious to everything going on around him, he passes a group of zombies that seem to be wandering the streets. It's chaos all around. A car has its windows smashed, sirens are blaring, a man is desperately trying to avoid zombies, there are bloody handprints on the refrigerator, and the convenience store clerk is missing. On his way home, Shaun encounters more zombies, one of whom he mistakes for a homeless man. As the zombies approach him, Shaun says, "No, I don't have change. I don't even have enough to go to the convenience store." He returns home safely and turns on the TV, ignoring news reports about the zombie invasion.
上面这段Summary 可以说完美的总结了这一幕场景，它无法提供额外的信息，小编总结了这个电影片段，复述了电影中发生了什么事情，我没有讨论我对这个电影的任何评价或者对它表现出任何兴趣或者厌恶。
当你的教授要求你提供一个影评作业时，他并不是希望你提供一个详细的 Summary 回顾整个电影的事件，即使像上面那样完美的 Summary也是不行的。Summary 只是一个回顾，并不代表你的思想，教授要的是你的思想。
事实上，你对事件的背景进行简要的 summary，可以为你的影评和评论提供全文背景，上面的 Summary 就可以作为我们评论的事件背景。
而在现实写作中，我们在写作影评讲述自己的观点和评论的同时，可以穿插着完成 Summary这件事，或者说，你在写作Summary的同时，可以穿插着完成 Commentary，从而完成整篇文章。现在我们就来开始完成这项工作。
首先，我可以在我的summary中插入一条我的观点主张，作用在于强调我的意见倾向，并帮助读者跟随我的整体思路阅读文章。
It’s a cleverly ironic scene from the 2004 film Shaun of the Dead , where Shaun (Simon Pegg) wakes up hungover and walks to a convenience store to buy soda and ice cream.
接下来，我会向的summary中插入一小段解释性的说明：
During his hangover, he was oblivious to everything going on around him, which gives us a glimpse into how Sean, like many of us, goes about his day to day life almost zombie-like, just going through the motions without noticing the world around him.
再下来，插入一些个人见解：
On his way to the store, he passes what look like zombies wandering the streets. It's chaos all around, but this chaos is not unlike Sean's daily life. A car window is smashed and sirens are going off. Today it was a zombie, but on any other day, a common thief could have smashed it. A man is running for his life from a zombie, but on any other day, it could be a man trying to catch a bus.
另外，再向 summary 中插入一些我的个人反应：
There are bloody handprints on the cooler, the convenience store clerk is nowhere to be seen, and the creepy music gives the audience a sense of impending doom as they watch Sean bumble around in a daze.
最后，在 summary中插入我自己的个人评价和更多的意见见解：
On his way home, Sean encounters more zombies, one of which he mistakes for a homeless man. As the zombie approaches, Sean says, "No, I don't have change. I don't even have enough to go to the store." It's events like these that make this a perfect satirical comedy that explores what it means to live in the 21st century. This point is emphasized again when Sean safely returns home, turns on the TV, and ignores the news reports about zombies. This brilliant satire points to the sad fact that life is already so bad for the average person that a zombie apocalypse isn't even enough to change anything.
最终，我们得到了一篇 Shaun of the Dead 某一幕场景的影评，如下：
It’s a cleverly ironic scene from the 2004 film Shaun of the Dead , where Shaun (Simon Pegg) wakes up hungover and walks to a convenience store to buy soda and ice cream.
During his hangover, he was oblivious to everything going on around him, which gives us a glimpse into how Sean, like many of us, goes about his day to day life almost zombie-like, just going through the motions without noticing the world around him.
On his way to the store, he passes what look like zombies wandering the streets. It's chaos all around, but this chaos is not unlike Sean's daily life. A car window is smashed and sirens are going off. Today it was a zombie, but on any other day, a common thief could have smashed it. A man is running for his life from a zombie, but on any other day, it could be a man trying to catch a bus.
There are bloody handprints on the cooler, the convenience store clerk is nowhere to be seen, and the creepy music gives the audience a sense of impending doom as they watch Sean bumble around in a daze.
On his way home, Sean encounters more zombies, one of which he mistakes for a homeless man. As the zombie approaches, Sean says, "No, I don't have change. I don't even have enough to go to the store." It's events like these that make this a perfect satirical comedy that explores what it means to live in the 21st century. This point is emphasized again when Sean safely returns home, turns on the TV, and ignores the news reports about zombies. This brilliant satire points to the sad fact that life is already so bad for the average person that a zombie apocalypse isn't even enough to change anything.
从上面你已经看到在现实中的 commentary 写作，下面，我要指出一些同样重要的规则，来帮助你更好的写作论文。
在撰写的过程中，即便所涉的内容是自己的个人见解和观点，也需要避免运用主观性表述，比如“I hope”、I believe”或者“I think”等词句。这一类口语化的表达会让文章看起来非常繁杂和冗余（毕竟，撰写论文的目的显然是阐述个人的思考），并且在一定程度上有损文章的可信度 。
在一般情况下，你应该提供两倍于背景事实描述的评论和意见。虽然 summary 对于呈现读者背景知识很重要，但 commentary 是写好一篇优秀 essay 的关键所在。
在实际写作中，有时教授可能只希望你对某件事情给出意见观点；另一些时候，教授可能只希望你提供你对某件事的洞察和解释；还有一些时候，教授可能给你更多的自由空间进行独立写作。无论教授给出何种写作指导和要求，需要记住的是，严格按照教授的作业规则写作是最重要的。
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